With the rapid development of nanotechnology, more and more attention has been paid to the preparation of electrospun nanofibers. Electrospun nanofiber membranes play an important role in many fields due to their high specific surface area, high porosity and good functional abilities. Especially in the field of wastewater treatment, electrospun fiber membrane has solved the drawbacks of high energy consumption, low efficiency and difficult recycling of traditional methods. Herein, in this review, we first introduces the influencing factors of electrospinning technology and the research progress in the preparation of nanofibers with different morphology. Then, the mechanism of electrospun nanofiber adsorption and filtration of industrial wastewater is described. Furthermore, the researches and development of electrospun nanofiber membranes for wastewater treatment are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in this field are discussed.