Corneal and conjunctival infections are common ocular diseases, sometimes, causing severe and refractory drug-resistant bacteria infections. Fungal keratitis is a leading cause for blindness and traditional medical treatment is unsatisfactory. Thus, there is an urge to develop a new therapy to deal with these cases. In this study, we developed surface modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA) electrospun nanofibrous membranes (EFMs) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as scaffolds for cell proliferation and antimicrobial application. The AgNPs with a very low content (below 0.1%) were easily anchored on the surface of PLA EFMs by CNF, which endowed the scaffold with hydrophilicity and antibacterial ability. The in-vitro cell co-culture experiments showed that the scaffold had great biocompatibility to ocular epithelial cells, especially the scaffolds coated by CNF, which significantly proliferated cells. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity could reach > 95% inhibiting Escherichia coll. (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) due to the implantation of AgNPs, and the antifungal activity was also outstanding with most of the Fusarium spp. inhibited. Hence, the developed PLA EFMs with CNF and AgNPs are promising ocular bandages to promote cell proliferation and kill infectious pathogens, exhibiting potential applications in ocular wound healing in the future.