The destruction and hollowing of entire tissue segments represent an insurmountable barrier to axonal regeneration and therapeutics in chronic spinal cord injury. To circumvent this problem we engineered neural prosthetics, by assembling electrospun nanofibers and self assembling peptides into composite guidance channels and transplanted them into the cysts of a postcontusive, chronic spinal cad injury rat model, also. providing delivery of proregenerative cytokines. Six months later conspicuous cord reconstruction was observed. The cyst was replaced by newly formed tissue comprising neural and stromal cells. Nerve fibers were interspersed. between and inside the guidance channels,spanning the lesion, amidst a well-developed vascular network, basal lamina and myelin. This was accompanied by a significant improvement in the activity of ascending and. descending motor pathways and the global locomotion score. Thus by engineering nanostructured matrices into., neuroprosthetics; It is possible to recreate an anatomical, structural, and histological framework, which lead to the replacement of large, hollow tissue gaps in the chronically injured spinal cord, fostering axonal regeneration and neurological recovery.