LaOCl:Nd3+ nanofibers, nanobelts and hollow nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning combined with a double-crucible chlorination technique using NH4Cl powders as chlorinating agent. Different morphologies of LaOCl:Nd3+ nanomaterials were only obtained via adjusting some of the electrospun parameters. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that LaOCl:Nd3+ nanostructures were tetragonal with space group P4/nmm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and histograms revealed that diameters LaOCl:Nd3+ nanofibers and hollow nanofibers, and the width of LaOCl:Nd3+ nanobelts were respectively 217.64 +/- 30.34 nm, 143.35 +/- 15.77 nm and 3.69 +/- 0.49 mu m under the 95% confidence level. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed that as-obtained LaOCl:Nd3+ hollow nanofibers were hollow-centered structure. Under the excitation of a 532-nm laser, LaOCl:Nd3+ nanostructures exhibit the characteristic emissions of predominant peaks at 913, 1069 and 1345 nm, attributed to F-4(3/2) -> I-4(9/2), F-4(3/2) -> I-4(11/2) and F-4(3/2) -> I-4(13/2) energy levels transitions of Nd3+ ions, respectively. The optimum doping molar concentration of the Nd3+ ions in the LaOCl:Nd3+ nanofibers is 5.0%. LaOCl:Nd3+ nanofibers exhibited the strongest PL intensity of the three morphologies under the same doping concentration and same measuring conditions. The formation mechanisms of LaOCl:Nd3+ nanofibers, nanobelts and hollow nanofibers were also proposed.