In recent years, there has been steady progress in developing new polymers and functional polymer fibers. The objectives of this issue are to provide readers an overview of significant advances for the production of high performance fibers such as Kevlar, PBO, Spectra and Dyneema fibers and to describe new super strong M5 fibers, highly elastic XLA fibers and self-crimping T-400, T-800, and other fibers. Additional goals are to present futuristic technologies such as shape memory fibers and compare them with innovative spandex fibers as well as to describe unique nanofibers from biopolymers by using novel electrospinning methods. Finally new, high performance poly(ethylene naphthalate) fibers will be reviewed.