Electrospinning has attracted tremendous attention in the design and preparation of ID nanostructured electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), due to the versatility and facility. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the development of electrospun electrode nanomaterials for LIBs and NIBs, and a brief introduction about electrode materials beyond LIBs and NIBs. By summarizing various electrochemical active materials, this review focuses on the evolution in structures and the constitution of electrospun electrode materials. In detail, a variety of electrospun anode and cathode materials of LIBs and NIBs have been properly discussed, respectively. Finally, the current progress in the electrospun electrode materials is well reviewed and the development direction is also pointed out. We believe that in the nearly future, electrospun electrode materials would be applied in commercial LIBs and promote the advance in NIBs. And we hope that this review could be helpful in the design and fabrication of electrospun hierarchical materials for other advanced energy-storage devices.