One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanofibers and nanotubes, have been an active subject of intense research due to the unique transport properties, quantum effects and potential applications in electronics and photonics. One-dimensional Ti doped ZrO2 nanofibers with interesting long-lasting phosphorescence were successfully prepared by electrospinning from properly selected Ti, Zr and polymer precursors and subsequent calcination treatment. The as obtained ZrO2 : Ti ultralong nanofibers are monoclinic phase with average diameter of ca. 100 nm observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sample obtained after calcinations at 1 000 degrees C shows much decrease in size due to the decomposition and removal of the PVP component that played the role of template for the fiber formation during electrospinning process. Photoluminescence properties of the ZrO2 : Ti fibers were studied by means of steady state and time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and discussed in detail. Room-temperature photoluminescence measurement shows a prominent peak at 467 nm (2. 65 eV) with a weak shoulder band around 350 nm (3. 54 eV). Different emission behavior may be due to the existence of two kinds of oxygen vacancies. Two Ti3+ ions substituting a Zr4+ ion produce one oxygen vacancy for charge compensation, which are effective and deep traps for excited electrons in the conduction band under irradiation. The weak emission band at 350 nm is attributed to the oxygen vacancy caused by surface defects trapping electrons. Longer excited state lifetime than the common ZrO2 : Ti nanocrystals was observed and may be ascribed to the unique characteristic of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures.