LaOBr:Nd3+ nanofibers and nanobelts were synthesized for the first time via calcinating the electrospun PVP/[La(NO3)(3) + Nd(NO3)(3) + NH4Br] composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that LaOBr:Nd3+ nanofibers and nanobelts are tetragonal in structure with the space group of P4/nmm. The morphologies and sizes of LaOBr:Nd3+ nanostructures were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mean diameter of the LaOBr:Nd3+ nanofibers is 192.41 +/- 18.97 nm. The width and thickness of the LaOBr:Nd3+ nanobelts are 5.50+/-0.48 mu m and 112 nm, respectively. Under the excitation of 532-nm laser, LaOBr:Nd3+ nanostructures exhibit the characteristic emissions of predominant peaks at 922, 1072 and 1345 nm, attributed to F-4(3/2) -> I-4(9/2), F-4(3/2) -> I-4(11/2) and F-4(3/2) -> I-4(13/2) energy levels transitions of Nd3+ ions, respectively. The optimum doping molar concentration of the Nd3+ ions in the LaOBr:Nd3+ nanofibers is 1.0%. Interestingly, we found that the luminescence intensity of nanobelts is obviously greater than that of the nanofibers for LaOBr:Nd3+ under the same measuring conditions. The formation mechanisms of LaOBr:Nd3+ nanofibers and nanobelts were also proposed.