Polyurethane nanofibers containing calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) were prepared via an electrospinning technique for the biomedical applications. Polyurethane nanofibers with different concentration of CaCl(2) were electrospun, and their bioactivity evaluation was conducted by incubating in biomimetic simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of the polyurethane/CaCl(2) composite nanofibers were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. SEM images revealed that the CaCl(2) salt incorporated homogeneously to form well-oriented nanofibers with smooth surface and uniform diameters along their lengths. The SBF incubation test confirmed the formation of apatite-like materials, exhibiting enhanced bioactive behavior of the polyurethane/CaCl(2) composite nanofibers. This study demonstrated that the electrospun polyurethane containing CaCl(2) composite nanofibers enhanced the in vitro bioactivity and supports the growth of apatite-like materials.