Fe3O4/Eu(BA)(3)phen/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) magnetic-luminescent bifunctional composite nanofibers have been successfully fabricated based on ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and europium complexes Eu(BA)(3)phen (BA = benzoic acid, phen = phenanthroline) via electrospinning technology. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The as-prepared Fe3O4/Eu(BA)(3)phen/PVP composite nanofibers possess good fibrous morphology, and Fe3O4 NPs are evenly dispersed into nanofibers. Under the excitation of 274-nm ultraviolet light, Fe3O4/Eu(BA)(3)phen/PVP composite nanofibers exhibit red emissions of predominant peaks at 592 and 616 nm, which are respectively attributed to the D-5(0) -> F-7(1) and D-5(0) -> F-7(2) energy levels transitions of Eu3+ ions. The optimum mass percentage of Eu(BA)(3)phen to PVP is 15 %. The fluorescence intensity of composite nanofibers is decreased when more Fe3O4 NPs were added. The saturation magnetization is increased with the increase of Fe3O4 NPs, indicating that the magnetism of the composite nanofibers can be tuned by adjusting Fe3O4 NPs content. The magnetic-luminescent bifunctional composite nanofibers are expected to apply in the fields of cell separation and biological labeling imaging, etc.