One-dimensional Lu2O3:Eu3+ nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning followed by high-temperature calcinations. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescent spectra and decay curves were used to characterize the samples. Results showed that samples began to crystallize at similar to 500 degrees C and crystallized completely around 1000 degrees C. The average diameter of nanofibers (1000 degrees C annealed) was about 55 nm and the particle size of Lu2O3:Eu3+ increased with increasing annealing temperature. Under ultraviolet excitation, nanofibers exhibited typical red emission of Eu3+ in Lu2O3. The effect of heat-treatment temperature on luminescent properties of nanofibers was also discussed.