One-dimensional (1D) alpha-Fe2O3/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures have been prepared by the electrospinning in combination with the calcination process. The length of alpha-Fe2O3/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures calcined at 500 degrees C for 2 h was up to several millimeters, and the diameter was approximately 100-150 nm. The as-prepared samples were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum (UV-vis DRS). The photocatalytic degradation tests reveal that the obtained alpha-Fe2O3/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures exhibit the higher degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) than the pure Bi2MoO6 nanofibers and TiO2 (Degussa P25) under the simulated sunlight irradiation. The construction of alpha-Fe2O3/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures can effectively impede the recombination of photoelectrons and holes and the possible photocatalytic mechanism has also been discussed in details. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.